The land documents checklist: C of O, deed, consent and survey
What each land document means, what it proves — and what to verify before relying on it.
Land transactions in Nigeria involve several documents, each proving something different. Understanding them helps you spot gaps before you pay.
Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)
Evidence of a statutory right of occupancy granted by the state under the Land Use Act. Verify it at the land registry — a C of O can be revoked, and forgeries exist.
Deed of Assignment
The document that transfers the seller’s interest to you. It should be properly executed, stamped, and — after Governor’s consent — registered.
Governor’s consent
Required under section 22 of the Land Use Act for transfers and mortgages of a statutory right of occupancy. Without it, your title is exposed.
Survey plan
Shows the exact location and boundaries. It should be charted at the Surveyor-General’s office to confirm the land is free from government acquisition.
Other documents you may see
- Excision or gazette (for community or family land released from acquisition).
- Registered conveyance (older titles).
- Court judgments on title.
- Receipts and family deeds (useful evidence, but not title on their own).
Checklist
- ☐ C of O or root of title verified
- ☐ Deed drafted by your lawyer
- ☐ Survey charted
- ☐ Consent, stamping and registration completed
Every situation is different — for advice on yours, speak with our team in confidence.